Posts Tagged ‘Germany’

Parents fear their children drifting to the far right

Wednesday, November 7th, 2012

Swastikas and far-right music in the bedroom, hate-speech against minorities – a child who drifts into the far-right scene is a nightmare for many parents.

“It was definitely the most horrible time of my life – sleepless nights, tears, depression. Two years of pure hell.” That’s how the mother of Kai (name changed) described the time when her son was part of the far-right scene.

Claudia Hempel, author of a new book entitled “When Children Drift into the Far Right,” says it’s mainly the mothers who fight for their children and actively look for help, while fathers often say that it will pass, or else “let their worries eat into them.”

Hempel has talked to Kai’s mother and many others about walking the difficult line between distancing yourself from racism, xenophobia and violence and trying not to lose your child to extremism. She spent two years looking for parents who were prepared to speak anonymously about their children’s far-right extremism.

Parents who are not themselves in the far-right scene are ashamed when their son or daughter glorify National Socialism, or preach violence or xenophobia, or even attack people. They ask themselves, “What did we do wrong?” If they seek help, then schools or youth welfare offices often imply that they must be at fault.

But political scientist Reiner Becker says that the causes of such a development are not just to be found at home. Schools, peers, and the political culture young people live in are equally important.

Kahl geschorene Koepfe vor einer Fahne mit dem Hessenwappen waehrend der Kundgebung von Rechtsextremisten am Samstag, 5.April 2003, in Neumuenster, die gegen die hier gezeigte Wehrmachtsausstellung demonstrierten. Gegen den Aufmarsch der Rechtsextremisten protestierten Mitglieder linker Gruppierungen und der Gewerkschaft. (AP Photo/Heribert Proepper)<br />
The far-right scene offers young people a sense of strength and camaraderie

The lure of evil

As part of a study, Becker interviewed many far-right young people and their parents. He now runs a counseling network in the German state of Hesse, which provides advice to schools, clubs and local communities as well as parents.

Becker’s network has noticed that children are drifting into right-wing cliques at a younger and younger age – sometimes as young as 10. Becker believes that as puberty begins earlier and earlier, so does the temptation to join forbidden, “evil” scenes. “It’s a way to really horrify adults in a way that other forms of expression and other youth cultures don’t do anymore.”

That’s how it was for Kai, though his mother only found that out much later. He and his friend were approached on a playground one evening by a group of young neo-Nazis. Before they began talking about ideologies, they offered the boys beers and cigarettes, treated them as adults, and spoke to them for a long time.

Later they started wearing clothes fashionable in the far-right scene, and displayed symbols that their parents didn’t even understand at first. Kai and his friend were introduced to illegal music whose lyrics deliberately incited hatred and violence. Kai’s mother once found a baseball bat and a knife in his bedroom.

“Nowadays, I only need to lure kids with music – that’s all the political education they need,” one activist told Becker from prison. One boy he recruited confirms as much: “If you listen to it in the morning after you wake up, in the afternoon after school and at night before you go to bed, sooner or later you believe it.”

Responsibility of the older generation

Wilhelm Heitmeyer of the Institute for International Conflict and Violence Research at the University of Bielefeld believes that the need for recognition, for belonging to a group, and for a feeling of strength are important motives for joining extremist groups that despise weaker groups like immigrants, Jews, Muslims, gays, the homeless or the handicapped.

But one of the institute’s long-term studies also shows that antipathy towards such groups is actually more prevalent in Germany’s over-60s generation than among young people. While the younger generation is more likely to resort to violence, the study concluded that their grandparents’ generation also had to take some of the blame for the social climate that leads to that violence.

Parents often do not understand the far-right symbolism

Hempel also discovered that the young far-right extremists did not necessarily come from disadvantaged backgrounds. “I was completely surprised that I found myself in nice housing estates, or sitting on swing seats in plush gardens and villas. I was sitting on middle class sofas,” she said.

These parents did not believe at first that their child had really become an extremist, partly because they were influenced by media images of the far-right: “These bull-necked skinheads who walk around in bomber jackets and Doc Martens boots and shout blunt slogans – the stupid far-right,” one mother told Hempel. “And then there was my child: open, sensitive, intelligent, and far-right? No, I couldn’t imagine it – it didn’t fit the picture I always had.”

The difficult search for help

Many parents only realized that their child had drifted into the far-right scene when the police or the intelligence agency was standing in front of the door – their son had come to the attention of authorities because of swastika graffiti, Hitler salutes or hate-speech.

That soon creates stress in the family, and parents find they need help because their children are becoming less and less responsive, despite endless questions, discussions, and appeals.

Kai’s mother spoke to the local school director, but he only assured her that there was no far-right extremism at his school. The youth welfare office said simply that Kai was simply rebelling against the fact that he was the child of a divorced parents. Meanwhile, his mother’s anxieties grew and grew. “It was like a swamp we were sinking deeper and deeper into.”

Hempel knows that this is no isolated case. Parents seeking help often find either that their worries get trivialized, or that they have to take the blame. “Many parents have to make an odyssey to find adequate help,” says Becker. The Hesse network is only a test project, like those in a few other states. Many alternatives are limited in time and “not particularly well-known.”

Bernd Wagner – Mitbegründer der Organisation „Exit-Deutschland“, Foto gemacht in Berlin, 02.2012, Autor Maciej Wisniewski.<br />
Korrespondent PolenAdvice centers can help neo-Nazis leave the far-right scene

Advice centers can help decode some of the symbols of the far-right scene. They help parents find out how deep their children have got themselves into the far-right scene. They support them in maintaining the balancing act of finding a positive relationship with their child, and setting boundaries. Many families no longer allow their children out of the house in neo-Nazi clothing, throw extremist CDs and propaganda away, and argue over and over again against antidemocratic prejudices and neo-Nazism.

But, Heitmeyer emphasizes that however much pressure is applied, parents need to offer their familial relationship as an alternative to the far-right scene: “It’s a myth that far-right groups have this camaraderie – there is also violence within the groups, and this aggression is of course lessened the stronger the outside pressure is.”

Hempel says parents have to make one thing clear to their children: “I totally condemn what you do, think, and read. I consider it fundamentally wrong, hateful and antidemocratic. But you are and will always be our child, and we love you.”

State cuts

But walking this tightrope is almost impossible without support. Kai’s mother finally found a counseling center after months of searching. It was the first time she had the feeling that someone understood her problems.

At the same time, Kai asked for help to leave the far-right scene. He was scared, because neo-Nazis were threatening him. The center helped Kai to get in contact with another former neo-Nazi, and his mother was very grateful for the support.

And she was appalled when she read that state subsidies for the program were to be cut. “I think it’s absurd. It was so difficult to find anyone at all. There were no flyers, no newspaper ads, nothing. They should be visible everywhere!”

On her book tours, Hempel has noticed that there is still a big need for public education on these matters. She was approached by several parents who told her they had concerns about their own child, but had not spoken to anyone about it, because they were ashamed and felt helpless.

Sometimes neo-Nazis and people from far-right organizations come to her readings, and Hempel does not avoid talking to them. Mostly, she says, her experience has been positive, because it’s been easy to expose their hate-filled ideas. “Then these groups quickly discredit themselves,” says Hempel. By the end of the evening, she says, elements of society that often stay silent emerge stronger.

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The Battle of Jutland, 1916

Sunday, October 7th, 2012

The greatest naval battle of the First World War.  Jutland had all the ingredients to be a great British naval victory, but in the event the result was much less clear-cut.

The recently appointed commander of the German High Seas FleetReinhard Scheer, had returned to the policy of making sorties against the British coast, confident that his codes were secure, and thus that the main British battle fleet, at Scapa Flow in the north of Scotland could not intervene.  However, the British could read German coded messages, and were aware of Scheer’s plan.

At the end of May, Scheer sortied with the entire High Seas Fleet, expected that the only serious threat he would meet was Admiral Beatty’s battle cruiser squadron based on the Forth.  Unfortunately for his plan, the Royal Navy knew he was coming, and the Grand Fleet sailed only minutes after the High Seas Fleet.

Both fleets sailed in a similar formation, with a scouting squadron of battle cruisers sailing ahead of the main battle fleets.  The battle falls into five main phases.  The first came when Admiral Beatty, commanding the British battle cruisers encountered their weaker German equivalent under Admiral Hipper, (31 May) and chased them south towards the main German fleet.

The second phase saw Beatty flee north, pursued by the German Dreadnoughts.  So far, both sides thought the battle was going to plan, although a design flaw led to the destruction of two British battle cruisers.  Now, in the third phase the Germans got a nasty surprise.  Thinking themselves involved in a chase that would end with the destruction of the British battle cruisers, they found themselves under bombardment from Jellicoe’s battle fleet, which they had thought to be too far north to intervene.

The heavy British guns quickly forced Scheer to order a retreat, but then Scheer made what could have turned into a grievous error, turning back, possibly hoping to pass behind Jellicoe, and escape into the Baltic.

However, Jellicoe had slowed down, and the German fleet found themselves crossing in front of the British fleet, and in ten minutes of gunfire suffered 27 heavy hits while only inflicted two.  Once again, Scheer ordered a retreat.

Admiral Reinhard von ScheerFinally, in the last phase of the battle, in a night of intense fighting, the retreat of the German battleships was covered by their lighter ships, while Jellicoe lost time after turning to avoid a potential torpedo attack.

The Germans lost one battle cruiser, one pre-Dreadnought, four light cruisers and five destroyers, while the British lost three battle cruisers, four armoured cruisers, and eight destroyers.  However, many of the surviving German heavy ships had suffered serious damage, and one result of the battle was to increase the British dominance in heavy ships.

Jutland was the last, and largest, of the great battleship battles.  Neither submarines or aircraft played any part in the battle, despite the plans of both sides.  Never again did battle fleets meet again in such numbers.  While the Royal Navy suffered more loses, the battle effectively ended any threat from the High Seas Fleet, which now knew it could not contest control of the North Sea with the Royal Navy.

The great fleet which Kaiser Wilhelm II had been obsessed with, and which had done so much to sour relations between Britain and Germany had proved to be a blunted weapon.  Despite that, the battle disappointed in Britain, where news of a new Trafalgar had been expected, and the hard fought draw at Jutland was not appreciated until much later, while the Kaiser claimed a German victory.

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Greek Prime Minister Warns of Societal Collapse Like Weimar Germany; Citizens Storm Defense Ministry; Merkel Takes Gamble on Visiting Greece

Saturday, October 6th, 2012

Greece is politically and economically bankrupt. Unemployment is 24.4% and destined to get much worse with the latest round of austerity measures.

Worse yet, Greece is still encumbered by massive layers of bureaucracy that makes it difficult to get anything done.

Yesterday, in a massive breach of security, Greek citizens stormed the defense ministry. This has German chancellor Angela Merkel willing to take a chance on a trip to Greece next week.

Today, Antonis Samaras, the Greek Prime Minister warns of societal disintegration without urgent financial aid.

Antonis Samaras says Greece’s democracy is in danger, comparing situation to Germany’s pre-war Weimar Republic

Greece is teetering on the edge of collapse with its society at risk of disintegrating unless the country’s near-empty public coffers are shored up with urgent financial aid, the country’s prime minister has warned.

Almost three years after the eruption of Europe’s debt drama in Athens, the economic crisis engulfing the nation has become so severe that democracy itself is now imperiled, Antonis Samaras said.

Resorting to highly unusual language for a man who weighs his words carefully, the 61-year-old politician evoked the rise of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party to highlight the threat that Greece faces, explaining that society “is threatened by growing unemployment, as happened to Germany at the end of the Weimar Republic”.

Mounting anti-austerity rage before a new round of sweeping EU-IMF-mandated austerity measures appears to have caught the government off-guard, with officials voicing fears over the ability of Samaras’s fragile coalition to survive.

The unprecedented storming of Greece’s defence ministry by hundreds of protesting dockworkers on Thursday – a breach of security not seen in modern times – has especially unnerved officials. On Friday, Samaras lashed out at “those who don’t understand the meaning of law and order”.

“The government is waging a battle on all fronts for the nation’s credibility and its future so that the sacrifices made by Greeks aren’t lost,” he said, referring to the spending cuts and tax increases that have sparked record levels of poverty and unemployment. “I will not allow the country to become a free-for-all.”

In the interview Samaras emphasised that Greek cash reserves would run dry by the end of November. “The key is liquidity,” said the leader. “That is why the next credit tranche is so important for us.”

The high-wire act of placating international lenders while keeping social unrest at bay will be tested as never before when Merkel, the German chancellor, flies into Athens next Tuesday. With anti-EU sentiment at an all-time high, opposition parties and trade unions vowed a baptism of fire.

“She should expect demonstrations. Greek society will welcome her with mass protests,” said Panos Skourletis, a spokesman for the radical left main opposition Syriza party.

The Independent Greeks party, also vehemently anti-bailout, has said it will make war reparations a major part of its own protest when it stages a “symbolic blockade” outside the German embassy in Athens during Merkel’s visit.

The warning by Samaras coupled with the storming of the defense ministry is not a sign of a pending societal collapse, but rather a sign the collapse is well underway.

There is no reason to believe a visit from chancellor Merkel will stem the tide.

Mike “Mish” Shedlock

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Facing possible ban German far-right changes tack

Tuesday, September 4th, 2012

At a rally of Germany’s biggest far-right party, skinheads raise fists to nationalist chants and wear T-shirts that skirt the limits of German law: “Enforce National Socialism” reads one; another proclaims the wearer to be “100 percent un-kosher.” Some cover illegal neo-Nazi tattoos with masking tape because police are on the prowl.

But the party’s leader insists he is taking his National Democratic Party mainstream.

“My aim is to make the NPD a party firmly based in the present and looking toward the future,” Holger Apfel said in an interview at the rally. Breaking a far-right taboo, he told The Associated Press that Nazi Germany’s record during World War II included “crimes.”

Apfel has tactical reasons for toning down his message: Authorities are currently considering a ban on the party. Yet the attempt to appeal to the center has prompted anger in the country’s small but entrenched ultra-right movement, where many refuse to acknowledge that Germany under Nazism — or National Socialism — was responsible for the slaughter of 6 million Jews. Some NPD members have left; others threaten to do so.

Despite talk of change, it doesn’t take long for Apfel to show his own flashes of hardcore xenophobia, which extend to seeing a threat to the “biological basis” of the German people.

“We … have to ensure that Germany again becomes the country of the Germans,” he said. “We see the growing danger that the biological basis of our people will wither away because there’s an increasing mixing.”

He frowned when asked his feelings about the success of Marcel Nguyen, a half-Vietnamese gymnast who won two silver medals for Germany at the 2012 Olympics.

“I can freely say it’s not something that causes me euphoria,” Apfel said, before hastily adding: “But you won’t see us calling for the deportation of half-breed children.”

Signs ordered reporters at the NPD’s summer festival in Viereck not to take pictures of stalls selling extremist books, CDs and pamphlets. A large poster at the entrance to the booths compared the rising number of foreigners in Germany to the shrinking number of ethnic Germans.

The government’s decision to weigh an NPD ban follows the revelation last November that a small neo-Nazi cell carried out a seven-year killing spree which left nine immigrants and a policewoman dead.

Authorities haven’t been able to prove that the cell operated with direct support from the NPD. But key party officials have been linked to the group’s three core members, who managed to evade police for over a decade despite being on the run for other crimes.

Angela Merkel considers the NPD “anti-democratic, xenophobic, anti-Semitic and therefore also a threat to the constitution,” the German chancellor’s spokesman, Steffen Seibert, told reporters. But a previous attempt to outlaw the party was rebuffed by the country’s top court in 2003 and officials are treading carefully before deciding later this year whether to launch a new bid to have the party banned.

Apfel’s appeal to mainstream voters runs parallel to the emergence of several new German ultranationalist fringe groups on both sides of the NPD.

One calls itself “The Immortals.” It has staged apparently spontaneous nighttime marches in small towns, protesting what it regards as an excessive influx of foreigners threatening the racial purity of the German nation. Chilling videos showing dozens of people wearing white masks and carrying burning torches have been uploaded to YouTube.

Despite their sophisticated online presence, The Immortals play a minor role compared to the so-called Autonomous Nationalists, according to Toralf Staud, a German journalist who has written extensively about the far right. In August, more than 900 police officers raided homes and clubhouses belonging to Autonomous Nationalist groups in western Germany. They seized computer hard drives, weapons and far-right propaganda material — including 1,000 election posters for the NPD.

A top official in Germany’s most populous state said this proves that the NPD is allied with the new far-right groups.

“This shows the close links between this right-extremist party and the neo-Nazi scene in North Rhine-Westphalia,” said Ralf Jaeger, the state’s interior minister.

Meanwhile, the “Pro Germany” movement represents a newer strand of ultranationalism capitalizing on German fears of Islamic extremism. Some of its chapters have gained seats in local assemblies in recent years by advocating a ban on the construction of mosques. But unlike most far-right groups, Pro Germany publicly disavows anti-Semitism.

There are no reliable estimates for the number of members these new fringe groups have. Authorities estimate that they number in the several thousands, with many more who sympathize with the cause but aren’t actively involved.

Kerstin Koeditz, a left-wing lawmaker, said the proliferation of extremist groups has been helped by what she described as “a new wave of xenophobia from the heart of society.” Persistent high joblessness in the east, growing anti-Muslim sentiment since 9/11, and fears that a collapse of the euro could destroy the German economy have given far-right groups plenty of political talking points, she said.

Koeditz, who sits in the state parliament of Saxony for the Left Party, says far-right groups have also become more adept at evading laws in recent years. German law forbids the display of Nazi symbols and any public glorification of Adolf Hitler, so many groups host their websites abroad and use anonymous online message boards to communicate.

Another reason for Germany’s inability to keep up with emerging far-right groups is an unwieldy apparatus in which dozens of different law enforcement and intelligence agencies failed to talk to each other.

Germany’s security services admit that although the number of registered members of nationalist parties is declining — the NPD had 6,300 members last year compared to 6,600 in 2010 — the number of violent far-right extremists is rising. Authorities say there are 9,800 violent extremists, up 300 from 9,500 in 2010. These are people who have been involved in violence or who are linked to groups that explicitly advocate violence.

The domestic intelligence agency’s annual report on extremism counted almost 17,000 far-right crimes in 2011, up slightly from the previous year. Of those, 755 were classed as violent crimes, such as attempted murder, arson or resisting arrest. The agency noted in its report that “one has to reckon with the existence and creation of right-wing terror groups as well as activities by individual right-wing terrorists.”

“The vast majority of the neo-Nazi scene cooperates with the NPD or supports it regularly,” the report found. It added that members of fringe groups who aid the party do so in the hope that “they will see a personal benefit from the election successes of the NPD.”

The NPD receives over €1 million in government funding annually thanks to seats it holds in two state parliaments and experts say a ban on the party — with the loss of its offices — could disrupt the nationalist movement.

“But in the medium term the cadres of the NPD would continue in other organizations,” said Staud.

At the party’s summer rally, the evening ends with a sing-along that includes the line “I like Adolf.”

Apfel, meanwhile, says he is not worried about a possible ban.

Pressed to elaborate on his comments about acknowledging Germany’s past crimes — and to say whether that includes the Holocaust — Apfel pauses.

“You know very well that it’s illegal to openly discuss certain issues in Germany,” he said.

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Hitler-Brand Wines and Europe’s Debate Over the Limits of Free Speech

Tuesday, August 28th, 2012

wines aug27 p.jpg

The Fuhrer is causing a furor. Italian winemaker Vini Lunardelli‘s breathtakingly tasteless line of Nazi-themed wines has offended again, with two American tourists understandably peeved about discovering some bottles adorned with Adolf Hitler’s image in a shop in Veneto province. The Italian-produced wines bear dozens of different labels displaying, with no hint of irony, such names as “Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer!” (a Nazi slogan meaning “One people, one empire, one ruler”), “Der Prosecco Vom Führer,” and, simply, “FÜHRERWEIN.” Another line bears the images and slogans of Benito Mussolini and his fascist regime.

The American tourists, incensed (one of them noted that her father lived through Auschwitz), protested to Italian authorities and to the local, and then international, media. “We would think of it as neo-Nazism,” one told the U.K. Telegraph. “It makes you wonder about the sympathies of the local people.” You don’t have to be Jewish or the child of a Holocaust survivor to find the wine labels appalling and odious, but it doesn’t hurt. Local prosecutors say they’ve opened a formal inquiry, and a cabinet-level Italian minister issued a statement to “reassure our American friends” and to condemn the wines for “compromising the image of Italy abroad.”
Italian officials might be expressing shock, but the Vini Lunardelli wines have been offending for almost two decades, and this is not their first international incident. There’s no doubt that Führerwine is offensive, and it’s difficult to know the vintner’s motivations for sure. But it might reflect less “neo-Nazi sympathies” and more a crass willingness to exploit shock value and Europe’s particular sensitivities to the fascist legacy — not to mention the international media attention that comes with infuriating foreign governments — to make a few bucks. And it seems to be effective.

Lunardelli launched their “Historical Series” in 1993, printing labels bearing “personages of Italian and world political history.” The first Führer vintage was introduced in 1995, becoming “a great marketing success,” the winemaker later told Decanter. In 1997, the German government began lodging official complaints. Germany takes the Nazi legacy very, very seriously: neo-Nazi parties are illegal, Hitler’s autobiography Mein Kampf has been officially banned for decades, and the German Parliament almost blocked approval for a relatively straightforward genetic testing law, apparently over the echoes of Nazi eugenics programs. By 2003, Germany’s battle against Lunardelli had so escalated that the German justice minister wrote a formal letter to her Italian counterpart asking for Italy consider shutting down the “contemptible and tasteless” wines. The German state of Bavaria, the closest to Italy, opened an investigation as to whether any bottles had crossed the border.
Nothing came of it at first. Then, in early 2007, some German tourists ended up buying some number of the wines while in Italy. It’s not clear how their purchases became public, but it re-sparked the old controversy. In September, Italian police finally moved against the wines,confiscating bottles for their “glorification of the perpetrators of crimes against humanity.” The public prosecutor, according to Lunardelli, accused the winemakers of being Nazi apologists. Like in Germany, Italian law forbids the glorification of the 1930s fascist regime that helped spark World War Two, which cost tens of millions of lives. But, one month after police had seized the wines, an Italian judge ruled that they were OK to sell; the second time that Lunardelli had been exonerated of promoting fascism.
It’s a sign of Germany’s sensitivity to anything remotely hinting of Nazi sympathies that the government would not only formally investigate whether a bottle of Führerwein might have entered the country, but publicly request that the Italian government intervene to stop production. It’s also an interesting contrast to Italy’s own laws, which while similar in intent to Germany’s, appear to be laxer in restricting speech, at least when it comes to these wine labels.

I don’t have an answer as to whether or not the wines promote Naziism and fascism, but it’s worth noting that this doesn’t seem to have been Lunardelli’s intent. “We would not have produced them unless there was a demand,” the winemaker told Decanter in 2007. “In fact the Hitler labels were not our idea, they were specifically requested by customers in Germany and Austria. … When they saw the labels with Il Duce and Che Guevara, they suggested a series with Hitler.” The company’s website proudly boasts the line, not as a victory in Aryan soft power, but as a marketing triumph. “Thanks to this invention, the wine company Alessandro Lunardelli has obtained a lot of attention from the media all over the world both for the originality of the idea and for the quality of the wines.” They say that line, which has 50 different labels, now makes up half of their sales.

In any case, some of the labels carry images of Stalin, Marx, and Che Guevara, not savory figures by any means but sworn enemies of Hitler and fascism, suggesting that the line is indeed less about glorifying any singular ideology than about shock value and the free marketing that comes with, for example, stories like this one.
The wines are interesting test case for Europe’s decades-old speech restrictions against glorifying the nightmarish regimes of the 1930s and 1940s, meant both to guard against the rise of all-too-real neo-Nazi or neo-fascist parties and to maintain the carefully instituted national histories that hold these ideologies as a horrid mistake. It seems unlikely, as the Italian courts may have concluded in allowing continued Lunardelli production, that slapping Hitler’s face on a cabernet label is going to increase popular support for a return of the Third Reich.
Still, Neo-Nazism and the ethnic nationalism behind it remain real, if marginal, forces in Europe. Treating Hitler and his Nazi slogans as kitsch, as fodder for a bit of silly shock value, would seem to risk divesting these images of the horror and shame that two generations of Germans and Italians have ingrained to remind themselves of one of history’s greatest crimes. Buying a bottle of Der Prosecco Vom Führer might just be a bit of harmless fun, but maybe, from the German perspective, that’s exactly the problem.
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The German Declaration of War with the United States (December 11, 1941)

Monday, August 27th, 2012

The German Chargé d’Affaires, Dr. Hans Thomsen, and the First Secretary of the German Embassy, Mr. von Strempel, called at the State Department at 8:00 A.M. on December 11, 1941. The Secretary, otherwise engaged, directed that they be received by the Chief of the European Division of the State Department, Mr. Ray Atherton. Mr. Atherton received the German representatives at 9:30 A.M.

The German representatives handed to Mr. Atherton a copy of a note that is being delivered this morning, December 11, to the American Chargé d’Affaires in Berlin. Dr. Thomsen said that Germany considers herself in a state of war with the United States. He asked that the appropriate measures be taken for the departure of himself, the members of the German Embassy, and his staff in this country. He reminded Mr. Atherton that the German Government had previously expressed its willingness to grant the same treatment to American press correspondents in Germany as that accorded the American official staff on a reciprocal basis and added that he assumed that the departure of other American citizens from Germany would be permitted on the same basis of German citizens desiring to leave this country. He referred to the exchange of civilians that had been arranged at the time Great Britain and Germany broke off diplomatic relations.

The German Chargé d’Affaires then stated that the Swiss Government would take over German interests in this country and that Dr. Bruggmann had already received appropriate instructions from his Government.

He then handed Mr. Atherton a note from the German Government. Mr. Atherton stated that in accepting this note from the German Chargé d’Affaires he was merely formalizing the realization that the Government and people of this country had faced since the outbreak of the war in 1939 of the threat and purposes of the German Government and the Nazi regime toward this hemisphere and our free American civilization.

Mr. Atherton then said that this Government would arrange for the delivery of Dr. Thomsen’s passports and that he assumed that we would very shortly be in communication with the Swiss Minister. He added that Dr. Thomsen must realize, however, that the physical difficulties of the situation would demand a certain amount of time in working out this reciprocal arrangement for the departure of the missions of the two countries. The German representatives then took their leave.

The text of the note which the German representatives handed to Mr. Ray Atherton, Chief of the European Division of the State Department, at 9:30 A.M., December 11, the original of which had been delivered the morning of December 11 to the American Chargé d’Affaires in Berlin, follows:

MR. CHARGÉ D’AFFAIRES:

The Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever increasing measure all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war, provoked by the British declaration of war against Germany on September 3, 1939, has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression.

On September 11, 1941, the President of the United States publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel. In his speech of October 27, 1941, he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force. Acting under this order, vessels of the American Navy, since early September 1941, have systematically attacked German naval forces. Thus, American destroyers, as for instance the Greer, theKearney and the Reuben James, have opened fire on German sub-marines according to plan. The Secretary of the American Navy, Mr. Knox, himself confirmed that-American destroyers attacked German submarines.

Furthermore, the naval forces of the United States, under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German merchant vessels on the high seas as enemy ships.

The German Government therefore establishes the following facts:

Although Germany on her part has strictly adhered to the rules of international law in her relations with the United States during every period of the present war, the Government of the United States from initial violations of neutrality has finally proceeded to open acts of war against Germany. The Government of the United States has thereby virtually created a state of war.

The German Government, consequently, discontinues diplomatic relations with the United States of America and declares that under these circumstances brought about by President Roosevelt Germany too, as from today, considers herself as being in a state of war with the United States of America.

Accept, Mr. Chargé d’Affaires, the expression of my high consideration.

December 11, 1941.

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Druids.

Monday, August 20th, 2012

The Druids were the priests or ministers of religion among the ancient

Celtic nations in Gaul, Britain, and Germany.  Our information respecting them

is borrowed from notices in the Greek and Roman writers, compared with the

remains of Welsh and Gaelic poetry still extant.

 

The Druids combined the functions of the priest, the magistrate, the

scholar, and the physician.  They stood to the people of the Celtic tribes in

a relation closely analogous to that in which the Brahmans of India, the Magi

of Persia, and the priests of the Egyptians stood to the people respectively

by whom they were revered.

 

The Druids taught the existence of one god, to whom they gave a name

“Be’al,” which Celtic antiquaries tell us means “the life of every thing,” or

“the source of all beings,” and which seems to have affinity with the

Phoenician Baal.  What renders this affinity more striking is that the Druids

as well as the Phoenicians identified this, their supreme deity, with the Sun.

Fire was regarded as a symbol of the divinity.  The Latin writers assert that

the Druids also worshipped numerous inferior gods.

 

They used no images to represent the object of their worship, nor did

they meet in temples or buildings of any kind for the performance of their

sacred rites.  A circle of stones (each stone generally of vast size)

enclosing an area of from twenty feet to thirty yards in diameter, constituted

their sacred place.  The most celebrated of these now remaining is Stonehenge,

on Salisbury Plain, England.

 

[See Stonehenge: The Druids used no images to represent the object of their

worship, nor did they meet in temples or buildings of any kind for the

performance of their sacred rites.]

 

These sacred circles were generally situated near some stream, or under

the shadow of a grove or wide-spreading oak.  In the centre of the circle

stood the Cromlech or altar, which was a large stone, placed in the manner of

a table upon other stones set up on end.  The Druids had also their high

places, which were large stones or piles of stones on the summits of hills.

These were called Cairns, and were used in the worship of the deity under the

symbol of the sun.

 

That the Druids offered sacrifices to their deity there can be no doubt.

But there is some uncertainty as to what they offered, and of the ceremonies

connected with their religious services we know almost nothing. The classical

(Roman) writers affirm that they offered on great occasions human sacrifices;

as for success in war or for relief from dangerous diseases.  Caesar has given

a detailed account of the manner in which this was done.  “They have images of

immense size, the limbs of which are framed with twisted twigs and filled with

living persons.  These being set on fire, those within are encompassed by the

flames.” Many attempts have been made by Celtic writers to shake the testimony

of the Roman historians to this fact, but without success.

 

The Druids observed two festivals in each year.  The former took place in

the beginning of May, and was called Beltane or “fire of God.” On this

occasion a large fire was kindled on some elevated spot, in honor of the sun,

whose returning beneficence they thus welcomed after the gloom and desolation

of winter.  Of this custom a trace remains in the name given to Whitsunday in

parts of Scotland to this day.  Sir Walter Scott uses the word in the Boat

Song in the Lady of the Lake: -

 

     “Ours is no sapling, chance sown by the fountain,

     Blooming at Beltane in winter to fade;” &c.

 

The other great festival of the Druids was called “Samh’in,” or “fire of

peace,” and was held on Hallow-even, (first of November,) which still retains

this designation in the Highlands of Scotland.  On this occasion the Druids

assembled in solemn conclave, in the most central part of the district, to

discharge the judicial functions of their order.  All questions, whether

public or private, all crimes against person or property, were at this time

brought before them for adjudication.  With these judicial acts were combined

certain superstitious usages, especially the kindling of the sacred fire, from

which all the fires in the district, which had been beforehand scrupulously

extinguished, might be relighted. This usage of kindling fires on Hallow-eve

lingered in the British islands long after the establishment of Christianity.

 

Besides these two great annual festivals, the Druids were in the habit of

observing the full moon, and especially the sixth day of the moon.  On the

latter they sought the Mistletoe, which grew on their favorite oaks, and to

which, as well as to the oak itself, they ascribed a peculiar virtue and

sacredness.  The discovery of it was an occasion of rejoicing and solemn

worship.  “They call its,” says Pliny, “by a word in their language which

means ‘heal-all,’ and having made solemn preparation for feasting and

sacrifice under the tree, they drive thither two milk-white bulls, whose horns

are then for the first time bound.  The priest then, robed in white, ascends

the tree, and cuts off the mistletoe with a golden sickle.  It is caught in a

white mantle, after which they proceed to slay the victims, at the same time

praying that God would render his gift prosperous to those to whom he had

given it.” They drink the water in which it has been infused, and think it a

remedy for all diseases.  The mistletoe is a parasitic plant, and is not

always nor often found on the oak, so that when it is found it is the more

precious.

 

The Druids were the teachers of morality as well as of religion.  Of

their ethical teaching a valuable specimen is preserved in the Triads of the

Welsh Bards, and from this we may gather that their views of moral rectitude

were on the whole just, and that they held and inculcated many very noble and

valuable principles of conduct.  They were also the men of science and

learning of their age and people.  Whether they were acquainted with letters

or not has been disputed, though the probability is strong that they were, to

some extent.  But it is certain that they committed nothing of their doctrine,

their history, or their poetry to writing. Their teaching was oral, and their

literature (if such a word may be used in such a case) was preserved solely by

tradition.  But the Roman writers admit that “they paid much attention to the

order and laws of nature, and investigated and taught to the youth under their

charge many things concerning the stars and their motions, the size of the

world and the lands, and concerning the might and power of the immortal gods.”

 

Their history consisted in traditional tales, in which the heroic deeds

of their forefathers were celebrated.  These were apparently in verse, and

thus constituted part of the poetry as well as the history of the Druids.  In

the poems of Ossian we have, if not the actual productions of Druidical times,

what may be considered faithful representations of the songs of the Bards.

 

The Bards were an essential part of the Druidical hierarchy.  One author,

Pennant, says, “The Bards were supposed to be endowed with powers equal to

inspiration.  They were the oral historians of all past transactions, public

and private.  They were also accomplished genealogists, &c.”

 

Pennant gives a minute account of the Eisteddfods or sessions of the

Bards and minstrels, which were held in Wales for many centuries, long after

the Druidical priesthood in its other departments became extinct.  At these

meetings none but Bards of merit were suffered to rehearse their pieces, and

minstrels of skill to perform.  Judges were appointed to decide on their

respective abilities, and suitable degrees were conferred.  In the earlier

period the judges were appointed by the Welsh princes, and after the conquest

of Wales, by commission from the kings of England.  Yet the tradition is that

Edward I. in revenge for the influence of the Bards, in animating the

resistance of the people to his sway, persecuted them with great cruelty This

tradition has furnished the poet Gray with the subject of his celebrated ode,

the Bard.

 

There are still occasional meetings of the lovers of Welsh poetry and

music, held under the ancient name.  Among Mrs. Hemans’s poems is one written

for an Eisteddfod, or meeting of Welsh Bards, held in London May 22, 1822.  It

begins with a description of the ancient meeting, of which the following lines

are a part: -

 

     ”. . . midst the eternal cliffs, whose strength defied

     The crested Roman in his hour of pride;

     And where the Druid’s ancient cromlech frowned,

     And the oaks breathed mysterious murmurs round,

     There thronged the inspired of yore!  on plain or height,

     In the sun’s face, beneath the eye of light,

     And baring unto heaven each noble head,

     Stood in the circle, where none else might tread.”

 

The Druidical system was at its height at the time of the Roman invasion

under Julius Caesar.  Against the Druids, as their chief enemies, these

conquerors of the world directed their unsparing fury.  The Druids, harassed

at all points on the main land, retreated to Anglesey and Iona, where for a

season they found shelter and continued their now-dishonored rites.

 

The Druids retained their predominance in Iona and over the adjacent

islands and main land until they were supplanted and their superstitions

overturned by the arrival of St. Columba, the apostle of the Highlands, by

whom the inhabitants of that district were first led to profess Christianity.

 

Iona.

 

One of the smallest of the British Isles, situated near a rugged and

barren coast, surrounded by dangerous seas, and possessing no sources of

internal wealth, Iona has obtained an imperishable place in history as the

seat of civilization and religion at a time when the darkness of heathenism

hung over almost the whole of Northern Europe.  Iona or Icolmkill is situated

at the extremity of the island of Mull, from which it is separated by a strait

of half a mile in breadth, its distance from the main land of Scotland being

thirty-six miles.

 

Columba was a native of Ireland, and connected by birth with the princes

of the land.  Ireland was at that time a land of gospel light, while the

western and northern parts of Scotland were still immersed in the darkness of

heathenism.  Columba with twelve friends landed on the island of Iona in the

year of our Lord 563, having made the passage in a wicker boat covered with

hides.  The Druids who occupied the island endeavored to prevent his settling

there, and the savage nations on the adjoining shores incommoded him with

their hostility, and on several occasions endangered his life by their

attacks.  Yet by his perseverance and zeal he surmounted all opposition,

procured from the king a gift of the island, and established there a monastery

of which he was the abbot.  He was unwearied in his labors to disseminate a

knowledge of the Scriptures throughout the Highlands and Islands of Scotland,

and such was the reverence paid him that though not a bishop, but merely a

presbyter and monk, the entire province with its bishops was subject to him

and his successors.  The Pictish monarch was so impressed with a sense of his

wisdom and worth that he held him in the highest honor, and the neighboring

chiefs and princes sought his counsel and availed themselves of his judgment

in settling their disputes.

 

When Columba landed on Iona he was attended by twelve followers whom he

had formed into a religious body of which he was the head.  To these, as

occasion required, others were from time to time added, so that the original

number was always kept up.  Their institution was called a monastery and the

superior an abbot, but the system had little in common with the monastic

institutions of later times.  The name by which those who submitted to the

rule were known was that of Culdees, probably from the Latin “cultores Dei” -

worshippers of God.  They were a body of religious persons associated together

for the purpose of aiding each other in the common work of preaching the

gospel and teaching youth, as well as maintaining in themselves the fervor of

devotion by united exercises of worship.  On entering the order certain vows

were taken by the members, but they were not those which were usually imposed

by monastic orders, for of these, which are three, celibacy, poverty, and

obedience, the Culdees were bound to none except the third.  To poverty they

did not bind themselves; on the contrary they seem to have labored diligently

to procure for them selves and those dependent on them the comforts of life.

Marriage also was allowed them, and most of them seem to have entered into

that state.  True their wives were not permitted to reside with them at the

institution, but they had a residence assigned to them in an adjacent

locality.  Near Iona there is an island which still bears the name of “Eilen

nam ban,” women’s island, where their husbands seem to have resided with them,

except when duty required their presence in the school or the sanctuary.

 

     Campbell, in his poem of Reullura, alludes to the married monks of

Iona: -

 

     “. . . The pure Culdees

     Were Albyn’s earliest priests of God,

     Ere yet an island of her seas

     By foot of Saxon monk was trod,

     Long ere her churchmen by bigotry

     Were barred from holy wedlock’s tie.

     ‘Twas then that Aodh, famed afar,

     In Iona preached the word with power.

     And Reullura, beauty’s star,

     Was the partner of his bower.”

 

In one of his Irish Melodies, Moore gives the legend of St. Senanus and

the lady who sought shelter on the island, but was repulsed: -

 

     “O, haste and leave this sacred isle,

     Unholy bark, ere morning smile;

     For on thy deck, though dark it be,

     A female form I see;

     And I have sworn this sainted sod

     Shall ne’er by woman’s foot be trod.”

 

In these respects and in others the Culdees departed from the established

rules of the Romish Church, and consequently were deemed heretical.  The

consequence was that as the power of the latter advanced that of the Culdees

was enfeebled.  It was not however till the thirteenth century that the

communities of the Culdees were suppressed and the members dispersed.  They

still continued to labor as individuals, and resisted the inroads of Papal

usurpation as they best might till the light of the Reformation dawned on the

world.

 

Iona, from its position in the western seas, was exposed to the assaults

of the Norwegian and Danish rovers by whom those seas were infested, and by

them it was repeatedly pillaged, its dwellings burned, and its peaceful

inhabitants put to the sword.  These unfavorable circumstances led to its

gradual decline, which was expedited by the subversion of the Culdees

throughout Scotland.  Under the reign of Popery the island became the seat of

a nunnery, the ruins of which are still seen.  At the Reformation, the nuns

were allowed to remain, living in community, when the abbey was dismantled.

 

Iona is now chiefly resorted to by travellers on account of the numerous

ecclesiastical and sepulchral remains which are found upon it. The principal

of these are the Cathedral or Abbey Church, and the Chapel of the Nunnery.

Besides these remains of ecclesiastical antiquity, there are some of an

earlier date, and pointing to the existence on the island of forms of worship

and belief different from those of Christianity.  These are the circular

Cairns which are found in various parts, and which seem to have been of

Druidical origin.  It is in reference to all these remains of ancient religion

that Johnson exclaims, “That man is little to be envied whose patriotism would

not gain force upon the plains of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow

warmer amid the ruins of Iona.”

 

In the Lord of the Isles, Scott beautifully contrasts the church on Iona

with the cave of Staffa, opposite -

 

     “Nature herself, it seemed, would raise

     A minster to her Maker’s praise!

     Not for a meaner use ascend

     Her columns, or her arches bend;

     Nor of a theme less solemn tells

     That mighty surge that ebbs and swells,

     And still between each awful pause,

     From the high vault an answer draws,

     In varied tone, prolonged and high,

     That mocks the organ’s melody;

     Nor doth its entrance front in vain

     To old Iona’s holy fane,

     That Nature’s voice might seem to say,

     Well hast thou done, frail child of clay

     Thy humble powers that stately shrine

     Tasked high and hard – but witness mine.

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Hitler’s Speech at Stuttgart SPEECH OF FEBRUARY 15, 1933

Monday, August 13th, 2012

IN FOURTEEN years the system which has now been overthrown has piled mistake upon mistake, illusion upon illusion. And that is also true for our foreign policy. Only since the time when through our Movement the world has been shown that a new Germany of resolution and resistance is arising – only since then are we once more regarded with other eyes. If today in Geneva a people fights side by side with us for the freedom of Europe, it is we who have first formed this friendship and not the representatives of the former system.

And now Staatspräsident Bolz says that Christianity and the Catholic faith are threatened by us. And to that charge I can answer: In the first place it is Christians and not international atheists who now stand at the head of Germany. I do not merely talk of Christianity, no, I also profess that I will never ally myself with the parties which destroy Christianity. If many wish today to take threatened Christianity under their protection, where, I would ask, was Christianity for them in these fourteen years when they went arm in arm with atheism? No, never and at no time was greater internal damage done to Christianity than in these fourteen years when a party, theoretically Christian, sat with those who denied God in one and the same Government.

I would ask whether the economic policy of this now superseded system was a Christian policy. Was the inflation an undertaking for which Christians could answer, or has the destruction of German life, of the German peasant as well as of the middles classes, been Christian? . . . When these parties now say: we want to govern for a few more years in order that we can improve the situation, then we say:

No! now it is too late for that! Besides, you had your fourteen years and you have failed. In fourteen years you have proved your incapacity – from the Treaty of Versailles by way of the various agreements down to the Dawes and Young plans. Herr Bolz, too, has given his support to the Young Plan while I have always opposed it.

If today we are told that we have no program, then I answer that for the last two years this other Germany has lived only by making inroads on our thought-world. All these plans for the creation of work, for labor service, etc.- they are not the work of Staatspräsident Bolz, they come from our program of reconstruction from which they have taken them over imperfectly and incompletely.

We are convinced that the restoration to health of our people must start from the restoration to health of the body politic itself, and we are persuaded of the truth that the future of our people, as in the past so now, lies first of all in the German peasant. If he perishes, our end has come; if he survives, then Germany will never go under. There lie the strength and the source of our people’s life, the source of our renewal. The towns would not exist at all, if the peasant did not fill them with his blood. The dweller in our countryside may be primitive, but he is healthy.

. . . We want, too, to restore to the German intelligentsia the freedom of which it has been robbed by the system which has hitherto ruled. In parliamentarianism they did not possess this freedom. We want to liberate Germany from the fetters of an impossible parliamentary democracy – not because we are terrorists, not because we intend to gag the free spirit. On the contrary, the spirit has never had more violence done to it than when mere numbers made themselves its master.

No, our wish is that responsible folk should once more be brought together so that every class and every individual should be given that authority over those below and that responsibility towards those above which are essential if one is to build up the life of a community. We do not want so to educate the nation that it lives for ideas and artificial constructions; we want to test all ideas and constructions to discover how far they are capable of serving the nation’s life.

I will not build myself a villa in Switzerland, nor will I lay claim to any fund with which to fight criminality in this election campaign. Then after four years people shall judge whether the policy of ruining Germany has come to an end, whether Germany is rising once again.

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Hitler’s speech in Dusseldorf, Industry Club SPEECH OF JANUARY 27, 1932

Monday, August 13th, 2012

IF TODAY the National Socialist Movement is regarded amongst widespread circles in Germany as being hostile to our business life, I believe the reason for this view is to be found in the fact that we adopted towards the events which determined the development leading to our present position an attitude which differed from that of all the other organizations which are of any importance in our public life. Even now our outlook differs in many points from that of our opponents….

I regard it as of the first importance to break once and for all with the view that our destiny is conditioned by world events. It is not true that our distress has its final cause in a world crisis, in a world catastrophe: the true view is that we have reached a state of general crisis, because from the first certain mistakes were made. I must not say ‘According to the general view the Peace Treaty of Versailles is the cause of our misfortune.’ What is the Peace Treaty of Versailles but the work of men? It is not a burden which has been imposed or laid upon us by Providence. It is the work of men for which, it goes without saying, once again men with their merits or their failings must be held responsible. If this were not so, how should men ever be able to set aside this work at all? I am of the opinion that there is nothing which has been produced by the will of man which cannot in its turn be altered by another human will.

Both the Peace Treaty of Versailles together with all the consequences of that Treaty have been the result of a policy which perhaps fifteen, fourteen, or thirteen years ago was regarded as the right policy, at least in the enemy States, but which from our point of view was bound to be regarded as fatal when ten or less years ago its true character was disclosed to millions of Germans and now today stands revealed in its utter impossibility. I am bound therefore to assert that there must of necessity have been in Germany, too, some responsibility for these happenings if I am to have any belief that the German people can exercise some influence towards changing these conditions.

IT IS ALSO IN MY VIEW FALSE TO SAY THAT LIFE IN GERMANY TODAY IS SOLELY DETERMINED BY CONSIDERATIONS OF FOREIGN POLICY, that the primacy of foreign policy governs today the whole of our domestic life. Certainly a people can reach the point when foreign relations influence and determine completely its domestic life. But let no one say that such a condition is from the first either natural or desirable. Rather the important thing is that a people should create the conditions for a change in this state of affairs.

If anyone says to me that its foreign politics is primarily decisive for the life of a people, then I must first ask: what then is the meaning of the term ‘Politics’? There is a whole series of definitions. Frederick the Great said: ‘Politics is the art of serving one’s State with every means.’ Bismarck’s explanation was that ‘Politics is the art of the Possible,’ starting from the conception that advantage should be taken of every possibility to serve the State – and, in the later transformation of the idea of the State into the idea of nationalities, the Nation. Another considers that this service rendered to the people can be effected by military as well as peaceful action: for Clausewitz says that war is the continuation of politics though with different means. Conversely, Clemenceau considers that today peace is nothing but the continuation of war and the pursuing of the war-aim, though again with other means. To put it briefly: politics is nothing else and can be nothing else than the safeguarding of a people’s vital interests and the practical waging of its life-battle with every means. Thus it is quite clear that this life-battle from the first has its starting-point in the people itself and that at the same time the people is the object – the real thing of value – which has to be preserved. All functions of this body formed by the people must in the last resort fulfill only one purpose – to secure in the future the maintenance of this body which is the people. I can therefore say neither that foreign policy nor economic policy is of primary significance. Of course, a people needs the business world in order to live. But business is but one of the functions of this body-politic whereby its existence is assured. But primarily the essential thing is the starting-point and that is the people itself….

It is therefore false to say that foreign politics shapes a people: rather, peoples order their relations to the world about them in correspondence with their inborn forces and according to the measure in which their education enables them to bring those forces into play. We may be quite convinced that if in the place of the Germany of today there had stood a different Germany, the attitude towards the rest of the world would also have been different, and then presumably the influences exercised by the rest of the world would have taken a different form. To deny this would mean that Germany’s destiny can no longer be changed no matter what Government rules in Germany….

And as against this conception I am the champion of another standpoint: three factors, I hold, essentially determine a people’s political life:

First, the inner value of a people which as an inherited sum and possession is transmitted again and again through the generations, a value which suffers any change when the people, the custodian of this inherited possession, changes itself in its inner blood-conditioned composition. It is beyond question that certain traits of character, certain virtues, and certain vices always recur in peoples so long as their inner nature – their blood-conditioned composition – has not essentially altered. I can already trace the virtues and the vices of our German people in the writers of Rome just as clearly as I see them today. This inner value which determines the life of a people can be destroyed by nothing save only through a change in the blood causing a change in substance. Temporarily an illogical form of organization of life or unintelligent education may prejudice it. But in that case, though its effective action may be hindered, the fundamental value in itself is still present as it was before. And it is this value which is the great source of all hopes for a people’s revival, it is this which justifies the belief that a people which in the course of thousands of years has furnished countless examples of the highest inner value cannot suddenly have lost overnight this inborn inherited value, but that one day this people will once again bring this value into action. If this were not the case, then the faith of millions of men in a better future – the mystic hope for a new Germany – would be incomprehensible. It would be incomprehensible how it was that this German people, at the end of the Thirty Years War, when its population had shrunk from eighteen to thirteen and one-half millions, could ever have once more formed the hope through work, through industry, and capacity to rise again, how in this completely crushed people hundreds of thousands and finally millions should have been seized with the longing for a re-formation of their State. . . .

I said that this value can be destroyed. There are indeed in especial two other closely related factors which we can time and again trace in periods of national decline: the one is that for the conception of the value of personality there is substituted a levelling idea of the supremacy of mere numbers – democracy – and the other is the negation of the value of a people, the denial of any difference in the inborn capacity, the achievement, etc., of individual peoples. Thus both factors condition one another or at least influence each other in the course of their development. Internationalism and democracy are inseparable conceptions. It is but logical that democracy, which within a people denies the special value of the individual and puts in its place a value which represents the sum of all individualities – a purely numerical value – should proceed in precisely the same way in the life of peoples and should in that sphere result in internationalism. Broadly it is maintained: peoples have no inborn values, but, at the most, there can be admitted perhaps temporary differences in education. Between Negroes, Aryans, Mongolians, and Redskins there is no essential difference in value. This view which forms the basis of the whole of the international thought-world of today and in its effects is carried to such lengths that in the end a Negro can sit as president in the sessions of the League of Nations leads necessarily as a further consequence to the point that in a similar way within a people differences in value between the individual members of this people are denied. And thus naturally every special capacity, every fundamental value of a people, can practically be made of no effect. For the greatness of a people is the result not of the sum of all its achievements but in the last resort of the sum of its outstanding achievements. Let no one say that the picture produced as a first impression of human civilization is the impression of its achievement as a whole. This whole edifice of civilization is in its foundations and in all its stones nothing else than the result of the creative capacity, the achievement, the intelligence, the industry, of individuals: in its greatest triumphs it represents the great crowning achievement of individual God-favored geniuses, in its average accomplishment the achievement of men of average capacity, and in its sum doubtless the result of the use of human labor-force in order to turn to account the creations of genius and of talent. So it is only natural that when the capable intelligences of a nation, which are always in a minority, are regarded only as of the same value as all the rest, then genius, capacity, the value of personality are slowly subjected to the majority and this process is then falsely named the rule of the people. For this is not rule of the people, but in reality the rule of stupidity, of mediocrity, of half-heartedness, of cowardice, of weakness, and of inadequacy….

Thus democracy will in practice lead to the destruction of a people’s true values. And this also serves to explain how It is that peoples with a great past from the time when they surrender themselves to the unlimited, democratic rule of the masses slowly lose their former position; for the outstanding-achievements of individuals which they still possess or which could be produced in all spheres of life are now rendered practically ineffective through the oppression of mere numbers. And thus in these conditions a people will gradually lose its importance not merely in the cultural and economic spheres but altogether, in a comparatively short time it will no longer, within the setting of the other peoples of the world, maintain its former value. . . .

And to this there must be added a third factor: namely, the view that life in this world, after the denial of the value of personality and of the special value of a people, is not to be maintained through conflict. That is a conception which could perhaps be disregarded if it fixed itself only in the heads of individuals, but yet has appalling consequences because it slowly poisons an entire people. And it is not as if such general changes in men’s outlook on the world remained only on the surface or were confined to their effects on men’s minds. No, in course of time they exercise a profound influence and affect all expressions of a people’s life.

I may cite an example: you maintain, gentlemen, that German business life must be constructed on a basis of private property. Now such a conception as that of private property you can defend only if in some way or another it appears to have a logical foundation. This conception must deduce its ethical justification from an insight into the necessity which Nature dictates. It cannot simply be upheld by saying: ‘It has always been so and therefore it must continue to be so.’ For in periods of great upheavals within States, of movements of peoples and changes in thought, institutions and systems cannot remain untouched because they have previously been preserved without change. It is the characteristic feature of all really great revolutionary epochs in the history of mankind that they pay astonishingly little regard for forms which are hallowed only by age or which are apparently only so consecrated. It is thus necessary to give such foundations to traditional forms which are to be preserved that they can be regarded as absolutely essential, as logical and right. And then I am bound to say that private property can be morally and ethically justified only if I admit that men’s achievements are different. Only on that basis can I assert: since men’s achievements are different, the results of those achievements are also different. But if the results of those achievements are different, then it is reasonable to leave to men the administration of those results to a corresponding degree. It would not be logical to entrust the administration of the result of an achievement which was bound up with a personality either to the next best but less capable person or to a community which, through the mere fact that it had not performed the achievement, has proved that it is not capable of administering the result of that achievement. Thus it must be admitted that in the economic sphere, from the start, in all branches men are not of equal value or of equal importance. And once this is admitted it is madness to say: in the economic sphere there are undoubtedly differences in value, but that is not true in the political sphere. IT IS ABSURD TO BUILD UP ECONOMIC LIFE ON THE CONCEPTIONS OF ACHIEVEMENT, OF THE VALUE OF PERSONALITY, AND THEREFORE IN PRACTICE ON THE AUTHORITY OF PERSONALITY, BUT IN THE POLITICAL SPHERE TO DENY THE AUTHORITY OF PERSONALITY AND TO THRUST INTO ITS PLACE THE LAW OF THE GREATER NUMBER – DEMOCRACY. In that case there must slowly arise a cleavage between the economic and the political point of view, and to bridge that cleavage an attempt will be made to assimilate the former to the latter – indeed the attempt has been made, for this cleavage has not remained bare, pale theory. The conception of the equality of values has already, not only in politics but in economics also, been raised to a system, and that not merely in abstract theory: no! this economic system is alive in gigantic organizations and it has already today inspired a State which rules over immense areas.

But I cannot regard it as possible that the life of a people should in the long run be based upon two fundamental conceptions. If the view is right that there are differences in human achievement, then it must also be true that the value of men in respect of the production of certain achievements is different It is then absurd to allow this principle to hold good only In one sphere – the sphere of economic life and its leadership – and to refuse to acknowledge its validity in the sphere of the whole life-struggle of a people – the sphere of politics. Rather the logical course is that if I recognize without qualification in the economic sphere the fact of special achievements as forming the condition of all higher culture, then in the same way I should recognize special achievement in the sphere of politics, and that means that I am bound to put in the forefront the authority of personality. If, on the contrary, it is asserted – and that, too, by those engaged in business – that in the political sphere special capacities are not necessary but that here an absolute equality in achievement reigns, then one day this same theory will be transferred from politics and applied to economic life. But in the economic sphere communism is analogous to democracy in the political sphere. We find ourselves today in a period in which these two fundamental principles are at grips in all spheres which come into contact with each other; already they are invading economics.

To take an example: Life in practical activity is founded on the importance of personality: but now gradually it is threatened by the supremacy of mere numbers. But in the State there is an organization – the army – which cannot in any way be democratized without surrendering its very existence. But if a Weltanschauung cannot be applied to every sphere of a people’s life, that fact in itself is sufficient proof of its weakness. In other words: the army can exist only if it maintains the absolutely undemocratic principle of unconditional authority proceeding downwards and absolute responsibility proceeding upwards, while, in contradistinction to this, democracy means in practice complete dependence proceeding downwards and authority proceeding upwards. But the result is that in a State in which the whole political life – beginning with the parish and ending with the Reichstag – is built up on the conception of democracy, the army is bound gradually to become an alien body and an alien body which must necessarily be felt to be such. It is for democracy an alien world of ideas, an alien Weltanschauung which inspires the life of this body. An internal conflict between the representatives of the democratic principle and the representatives of the principle of authority must be the inevitable consequence, and this conflict we are actually experiencing in Germany….

So in the same way the education to pacifism must of necessity have its effect right through life until it reaches the humblest individual lives. The conception of pacifism is logical if I once admit a general equality amongst peoples and human beings. For in that case what sense is there in conflict? The conception of pacifism translated into practice and applied to all spheres must gradually lead to the destruction of the competitive instinct, to the destruction of the ambition for outstanding achievement. I cannot say: in politics we will be pacifists, we reject the idea of the necessity for life to safeguard itself through conflict – but in economics we want to remain keenly competitive. If I reject the idea of conflict as such, it is of no importance that for the time being that idea is still applied in some single spheres. In the last resort political decisions are decisive and determine achievement in the single sphere….

To sum up the argument: I see two diametrically opposed principles: the principle of democracy which, wherever it is allowed practical effect is the principle of destruction: and the principle of the authority of personality which I would call the principle of achievement, because whatever man in the past has achieved – all human civilizations – is conceivable only if the supremacy of this principle is admitted.

The worth of a people, the character of its internal organization through which this worth of a people may produce its effect, and the character of a people’s education – these are the starting-points for political action: these are the foundations for the success of that action….

That the evidences of a crisis should today spread over almost the entire world is comprehensible when one considers that the world has been opened up and mutual relations have been strengthened to an extent which fifty, eighty, or a hundred years ago appeared scarcely possible. And yet, despite this fact, one must not believe that such a state of affairs is conceivable only now, in the year 1932. No, similar conditions have been experienced more than once in the history of the world. Always when relations between peoples produced conditions such as these, the malady affecting these peoples was bound to spread and to influence the position of all.

It is, of course, easy to say: we prefer to wait until there is a change in the general position, but that is impossible. For the position which faces you today is not the consequence of a revelation of God’s will, but the result of human weaknesses, of human mistakes, of men’s false judgments. It is but natural that there must first be a change in these causes, that men must first be inwardly transformed, before one can count on any alteration in the position.

That conclusion is forced upon us if we look at the world today: we have a number of nations which through their inborn outstanding worth have fashioned for themselves a mode of life which stands in no relation to the life-space – the Lebensraum – which in their thickly populated settlements they inhabit. We have the so-called white race which, since the collapse of ancient civilization, in the course of some thousand years has created for itself a privileged position in the world. But I am quite unable to understand this privileged position, this economic supremacy, of the white race over the rest of the world if I do not bring it into close connection with a political conception of supremacy which has been peculiar to the white race for many centuries and has been regarded as in the nature of things: this conception it has maintained in its dealings with other peoples. Take any single area you like, take for example India. England did not conquer India by the way of justice and of law: she conquered India without regard to the wishes, to the views of the natives, or to their formulations of justice, and, when necessary, she has upheld this supremacy with the most brutal ruthlessness. Just in the same way Cortez or Pizarro annexed Central America and the northern states of South America, not on the basis of any claim of right, but from the absolute inborn feeling of the superiority of the white race. The settlement of the North American continent is just as little the consequence of any claim of superior right in any democratic or international sense; it was the consequence of a consciousness of right which was rooted solely in the conviction of the superiority and therefore of the right of the white race. If I think away this attitude of mind which in the course of the last three or four centuries has won the world for the white race, then the destiny of this race would in fact have been no different from that, say, of the Chinese: an immensely congested mass of human beings crowded upon an extraordinarily narrow territory, an over-population with all its unavoidable consequences. If Fate allowed the white race to take a different path, that is only because this white race was convinced that it had the right to organize the rest of the world. It matters not what superficial disguises in individual cases this right may have assumed, in practice it was the exercise. .

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First Visit to the Countryside

Tuesday, August 7th, 2012

When summer approached, my parents announced a hard-earned vacation, just for the two of them. They planned to visit Austria and the Tyrolian Alps. My sister’s girlfriend, Ilse, as suggested by Ilse’s mother, invited her to sleep over at their place during my parent’s absence. I needed a sitter, and my grandmother, my mother’s stepmother, volunteered to be the caretaker. Grandma had a modest apartment in a small town in Pommern, a northeastern province of Germany. I was to live with her for the duration of my parent’s vacation. I was more excited about my trip to my grandma’s, than my parents were about their trip to the Alps. For the first time, I would leave the city behind me, and to boot, I was going by myself.

My father took me to the railroad station, and introduced me to the locomotive, a monstrous machine with steam blowing in spurts from its flank, similar to the snorting of a horse and ready to take off. After seeking out the conductor, my father turned me over to his authority. A tag with my name and destination on a string around my neck assured that I would not get lost. The conductor selected an agreeable window seat and assured this five-year-old not to worry. Who was worried?

Less than two hours later, the train stopped at my destination, a town called Schivelbein. The conductor delivered me to my grandmother. I called her Oma. She was a petite woman with a sharp mind. Her light hair had just a tinge of gray, combed back and secured at the back in a chignon or bun. She had visited our home in Berlin a number of times. I thought of her as the greatest grandma anyone could have. She was the only person in those days that called me by my given name, Hubertus, and not Buby (pronounced “boobie”). For some strange reason, someone tagged me with the silly name Buby, and it stuck. The whole neighborhood and my friends knew me as Buby. It was not until I celebrated my 14th birthday that I could shed this name successfully.

Grandma took my hand and we walked from the railroad station through an ancient portal into a picturesque town. Enormous granite boulders, stacked and aligned, formed a wall, extending from the portal, left and right, and appeared to be part of ancient defense structures. The cobblestone streets with narrow sidewalks, flanked by a series of small houses, gave the town a quaint appearance. I can still see the swallows flying closely around us, collecting insects. As we walked, grandma pointed out the butcher shop, grocery store and a mill powered by a small but fast running creek. After crossing some railroad tracks, we arrived at my grandmother�s two-bedroom apartment. She occupied the upstairs of a two-story house at the edge of town.

All water needed for cooking and washing required hauling from the hand pump in the courtyard. It became my job to carry buckets of water upstairs. Even a half-full bucket of water was difficult for a 5-year-old and I remember the relatively steep, creaky wooden staircase. Using the toilet was a disagreeable experience for a city boy. The wooden two-hole outhouse across the yard with its flies and country smell was not my idea of a pleasant situation. During the night, a chamber pot had to do.

Grandma trusted me not to get into mischief and allowed me to roam and explore the neighborhood. The railroad crossing had a special fascination for me and received my first attention. As soon as a train approached, the crossing guard in his dark blue uniform used a hand crank to lower the crossbars, stopping whatever street traffic might be coming. It was fun watching the railroad cars go by so closely, waving first to the locomotive engineer, listening to the clicking of the wheels on the rail, counting the number of cars, and waving to the brakeman in the caboose.

Next to the railroad crossing, a blacksmith performing his trade caught my eye. I watched him shoe horses and observed how he made steel rims for wheels and fitted them onto wooden spoked wheels. The blacksmith looked just like one would expect; a big man with muscular arms, wearing a leather apron. His round face always looked as if he grinned all the time with a twinkle in his eyes. A full beard completed his bearish appearance. With all his strength, I never heard him swear or lose his temper. Naturally, I declared that I would become a blacksmith when I grew up, ignoring my earlier pledge of becoming a railroad crossing guard. Not to mention that I would surely be a locomotive engineer.

The blacksmith fabricated horseshoes from scratch, including the nails to attach the shoes to the hoof. The fitting of a red-hot shoe to the horses hoof emitted a scorching smell not easily forgotten. Once he had the horseshoe sized, he cleaned the hoof and hammered the nails in a way so that the tips protruded through the side of the hoof. After turning the protruding nail tip, he made sure no sharp edges existed by using a rasp to smooth everything.

Another time, I saw him literally weld two pieces of steel by bringing them to a bright heat and pounding the two pieces together. If you have ever seen and heard a blacksmith forging iron, you will never forget the rhythmic clang of the hammer on the anvil.

The blacksmith had to have his fun with this city boy. I had shown my eagerness to help, and when he asked me to bring him a red piece of iron lying in the middle of the yard, I complied. I hurried over, looked at it and it appeared to me that it was not just a red piece, but a red-hot piece of iron. I looked at him. I saw the twinkle in his eyes and he said: “Just testing the big city boy.” He thought it to be funny while I learned a lesson. I ended up spending a lot of time watching him, and even helped to operate the bellows to bring hot coal to a real white-hot condition.

About 100 yards down the road from the blacksmith, I noticed a cooper�s workshop. Naturally, I just had to watch the making of wooden barrels and tubs. The cooper, a very friendly elderly man, appeared to work even harder than the blacksmith. I did not ask him if I could watch, but he allowed me to hang around. Here was another master at work. Like the blacksmith, he knew his business. Compared to the blacksmith, the cooper had a slight build with long, slender hands. His back, slightly bent forward, appeared frail, until you saw him work. The frail-looking man changed to a wiry man with quick hands and unending endurance when I saw him making barrels for butter, for pickles and for liquid manure. When he worked at the manure barrel, a long cylindrical container, he asked me to get inside and insert a coned wood plug. He lowered me through a manhole and I followed his instructions. When I talked inside the barrel, my voice sounded quite strange. I guess that is where this old-fashioned saying came from. I found out that I had no claustrophobic tendencies. Getting out, however, was a bit difficult. Since I was only a little fellow, the cooper had to reach down as far as he could, and even then, I had to jump so that he could grab my hands.

Grandma apparently wanted me to get close to nature. On a beautiful sunny day, she took me to the nearby forest for blueberry picking. I had no idea that blueberries grew in the wild. To my great surprise we collected about a quart within a few hours. However, I did not know that little flying critters hide in the woods, and I believe, that for every blueberry we picked I had one mosquito bite. Although my enthusiasm for nature waned, we visited the woods one more time. My grandma pointed out wild cranberries, wild strawberries and numerous types of wild mushrooms. We brought home some chanterelle mushrooms, enough for a meal. They are still my favorite, sautéed in butter with a little onions and parsley.

Almost daily, I spent time with the railroad crossing guard, the blacksmith or the cooper. Even the town’s butcher has a warm spot in my memory. About every second day, my grandma visited a store, including the butcher’s. From the first day, after my grandma told the butcher who I was, he would hand me a slice of sausage then ask my opinion of its quality. Naturally, I looked forward to every visit. Once a week we visited the cemetery, and left some flowers at my grandfather’s grave. Quite often, I think nostalgically back to those days, innocent days, learning days, happy days and once-in-a-lifetime days.

Unfortunately, my summer vacation ended sooner than I wanted. I returned to Berlin by train. When I got home, my parents had a surprise for me. I became the proud owner of a pair of genuine alpine leather shorts, the most functional peace of clothing I ever had. They did not require washing or pressing and were virtually indestructible. I wore the shorts all summer and most of the winter, day in and day out, until they became too small for me. Either they shrank, or I had grown.

Hitler had promised to create public works programs. When he announced the creation of a highway system, reaching from border to border, it certainly was one of the most impressive projects. Building a highway system across the country would inevitably have to go through forested areas. That is how my father got involved with the building the Autobahn.

One time, when he visited a work site, he took me along. I thought I had seen a lot of interesting things when I had watched the blacksmith and the cooper, but this certainly topped it. Here, I saw large, and I mean large, earth moving equipment. While some machines cleared a passage of trees, by extracting the entire trees, roots and all, others would level the ground. A great number of different machines followed one after another, until the final operation of smoothing the poured concrete and covering it with straw. My father told me that they could complete a section of 300 yards per day.

On my arrival back home I was overflowing with all the things I had seen, using my mother as a listening post. In spite of her busy schedule, she would patiently give her full attention to my rambling. We had no idea that the building of the Autobahn system was not only a jobs creation project, but also a requirement for our Führer�s ambition to provide easy movement of Germany’s future military might.

In my neighborhood, I do remember being envious of some older youngsters wearing Hitler Youth uniforms. I had to wait until I reached age ten to join the Hitler Youth movement. For my sixth birthday, I begged my mother to make me a Hitler Youth style uniform. She made me a look-alike uniform, fitting for a small child.

I had no idea that the uniform would soon create such a memorable event.

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